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This project is designed to give you a brief introduction to the
MATLAB software which will be used to help carry out your computer
projects during this semester. This software is especially designed
for mathematical, scientific and engineering applications.
MATLAB software which will be used to help carry out your computer
projects during this semester. This software is especially designed
for mathematical, scientific and engineering applications.
Many of you probably have already used a scientific or graphics
calculator like the TI-84. In its simplest application, MATLAB can be
used just like a graphing calculator. In this project we learn how to
turn
calculator like the TI-84. In its simplest application, MATLAB can be
used just like a graphing calculator. In this project we learn how to
turn
math into MATLAB.' That is, we learn how to ask MATLAB math
questions such as
what is 2+2?' View Essay - graphingcalculatorbymathlab from PHYSICAL C 301 at Kenyatta University. Graphing Calculator by Mathlab: User Manual INTRODUCTION 4 FEATURES 5 CHAPTER 1: BASICS 6 1.1 Navigation 6 1.2. View and Download HP F2226A - 48GII Graphic Calculator user manual online. Graphing calculator. F2226A - 48GII Graphic Calculator Calculator pdf manual download. Also for: 48gii, 49g+.
- Arithmetic Operations and Precedence Rules
- Function Evaluation
- Command Line Editor (correcting errors)
- Arrays and Tables
- Printing Text
- Resizing and Moving Windows
;
– The semicolon suppresses the output.x = a:h:b
– This construct creates sequences of numbers.[x; y]
– This construct creates a nice tabular look to lists of numbers.
MATLAB is started by double clicking its desktop icon (on a typical
installation of MATLAB on Windows, other installations may vary). It
consists of several panes. Additionally other windows, such as a help
window or plot window, may appear.
installation of MATLAB on Windows, other installations may vary). It
consists of several panes. Additionally other windows, such as a help
window or plot window, may appear.
The visible panes in the figure are the *Command Window which
appears on the right side of the window. This window contains the
command line where we type commands for MATLAB to interpret. This
will be our main method to interact with MATLAB. Additionally, in the
upper left pane is a Workspace viewer which shows the
variables that are present in the MATLAB session, and in the lower
left pane the Command History window display the commands you
have entered into the command window.
appears on the right side of the window. This window contains the
command line where we type commands for MATLAB to interpret. This
will be our main method to interact with MATLAB. Additionally, in the
upper left pane is a Workspace viewer which shows the
variables that are present in the MATLAB session, and in the lower
left pane the Command History window display the commands you
have entered into the command window.
Commands are typed after the prompt:
are typed in, the Enter key is hit to send the command to the
MATLAB interpreter. MATLAB either shows the answer or will respond
with an error message indicating why it couldn't do what was
requested.
>>
. After theyare typed in, the Enter key is hit to send the command to the
MATLAB interpreter. MATLAB either shows the answer or will respond
with an error message indicating why it couldn't do what was
requested.
Multiple commands may be entered on the same line if the commands are
separated by a semicolon
semicolon at the end of a command causes its output not to be printed.
separated by a semicolon
;
, or a comma ,
. As well, asemicolon at the end of a command causes its output not to be printed.
We begin our explorations with MATLAB, by learning how to do simple
arithmetic operations:
arithmetic operations:
For instance, adding ( 2+2 ) is done with
After typing in the command (
2 + 2
), we typed theEnter
key. MATLAB responded with an answer of 4.Some other examples are shown below:
symbol | example | MATLAB response |
---|---|---|
addition | + | >> 3+4 |
subtraction | - | >> 5 - 9 |
multiplication | * | >> 5*9 |
division | / | >> 8/9 |
exponentiation | ^ | >> 5^3 |
The only symbol that may need learning is the
^
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When the command
and responds with an answer of 4. It then forgets about this
calculation because we didn't ask for it to be saved. In order to save
values we can assign the output to a variable. After doing
this, we can refer to the output by the variable name.
2 + 2
is typed above, MATLAB evaluates itand responds with an answer of 4. It then forgets about this
calculation because we didn't ask for it to be saved. In order to save
values we can assign the output to a variable. After doing
this, we can refer to the output by the variable name.
In the example below, we assign the value 18 to the variable
the value 21 to the variable
the variable
a
,the value 21 to the variable
b
, and the value ( 18-21=-3=a-b ) tothe variable
c
.×Once a value is assigned to a variable, MATLAB remembers it until that variable is reassigned.
Try predicting the responses to the following MATLAB commands
to check your understanding.
to check your understanding.
When you make an assignment, the variable name appears in the
Workspace viewer which appears in the upper left pane of the
initial MATLAB window. You can view the contents of the variable by
double clicking it in the workspace viewer. Otherwise, you can enter
just the variable name in the command line and its contents will be displayed.
Workspace viewer which appears in the upper left pane of the
initial MATLAB window. You can view the contents of the variable by
double clicking it in the workspace viewer. Otherwise, you can enter
just the variable name in the command line and its contents will be displayed.
What is the output of the following commands:
Assigning variables can simplify matters when used wisely. For
example, when evaluating
example, when evaluating
[ frac{(2 - 3) - (-3)}{(-1) + 2}. ]
One way is to write out the whole expression at once:
There are many parentheses that are needed to get this right. This
can make finding errors in our work tough. If we use spaces (which
are ignored) and intermediate names, we can reduce the chance of a
typing error:
can make finding errors in our work tough. If we use spaces (which
are ignored) and intermediate names, we can reduce the chance of a
typing error:
This technique makes errors much easier to find.
Use assignment to help you compute
[ 3 - frac{3^2 - 2 cdot 3}{2 cdot 3 - 2}. ]
[ 3 - frac{3^2 - 2 cdot 3}{2 cdot 3 - 2}. ]
Order of Operations
What is
[ 5 - 2/6? ]
[ 5 - 2/6? ]
Is it ( 5 - 1/3 ) or 3 divided by 6? That is, ( 5 - (2/6) ) or ( (5-2)/6 )?
We should know that the first is true because division happens before
subtraction. What makes knowing this necessary is because there are
two operations above, subtraction and division, and the answer will
depend on which is done first. The order of operations act like a
traffic cop directing the flow of what happens when. MATLAB uses a
fairly standard order of priority (precedence) for operations:
addition and subtraction have the same priority, which is below
multiplication and division. Powers have the highest priority. So
typing the command
We should know that the first is true because division happens before
subtraction. What makes knowing this necessary is because there are
two operations above, subtraction and division, and the answer will
depend on which is done first. The order of operations act like a
traffic cop directing the flow of what happens when. MATLAB uses a
fairly standard order of priority (precedence) for operations:
addition and subtraction have the same priority, which is below
multiplication and division. Powers have the highest priority. So
typing the command
returns an answer of 4.6667 or ( 5 - 1/3 ), as division is done before
the subtraction.
the subtraction.
In the following exercise you will review the basic order of operations.
“One of these things is not like the others.”
Which of these MATLAB commands is not like the other two? To help you
out, try doing this with some values for ( a ), ( b ) and ( c ) like
out, try doing this with some values for ( a ), ( b ) and ( c ) like
Which operations have higher precedence?
Repeat the same exercise with the following expressions.
How does MATLAB interpret the following commands?
There is an ambiguity as the answers are different if the left most
operation is done first compared to if the right most one is.
operation is done first compared to if the right most one is.
×
Note
doing right to left is ( 3 - (3 - 3) ) or ( 6/(3/2) ) or ( 2^{(3^2)} )For the following questions do the problem without parentheses and
then again with parentheses doing it from right to left. Answer is
they are the same.
then again with parentheses doing it from right to left. Answer is
they are the same.
( 3 - 3 -3 )
( 6/3/2 )
( 2^3^2 )
Investigate the expressions below to see the order in which the
operations are performed by MATLAB. (For example, does ( 5-3-2 =(5-3)-2 ) or ( 5 - (3-2) )?)
operations are performed by MATLAB. (For example, does ( 5-3-2 =(5-3)-2 ) or ( 5 - (3-2) )?)
What rule(s) does MATLAB use when evaluating expressions with
two or more operations of the same priority?
two or more operations of the same priority?
Practice what you have just reviewed to evaluate the following. Let
[ frac{a^b - c/b}{c - a} ]
[ frac{a^{(c - b)}}{c - b} ]
[ frac{a^{3/2}}{b} ]
[ frac {a - b(c-a)}{c-a} ]
×
Note
A full explanation of priority rules is attached to this project in the Reference Section. You may want to review this to check your answers.You can save some typing if you learn how to reuse and edit your
previously entered commands. The Command History window shows
the commands you've typed during a MATLAB session. Double clicking on
a command will paste it into the command window. The command history
may also be accessed inside the command line by using either the up or
down arrow to scroll through your previous commands.
previously entered commands. The Command History window shows
the commands you've typed during a MATLAB session. Double clicking on
a command will paste it into the command window. The command history
may also be accessed inside the command line by using either the up or
down arrow to scroll through your previous commands.
Once a command is at the
it. Use the left or right arrows to move around, or the mouse. Then
you may insert text or delete existing text.
>>
prompt, you may make changes toit. Use the left or right arrows to move around, or the mouse. Then
you may insert text or delete existing text.
Finally, you may type
do not need to have the cursor at the end of the line to do this.
Enter
to execute the new command. Youdo not need to have the cursor at the end of the line to do this.
Functions
MATLAB allows much more than just the basic arithmetic operations.
Extra functionality is provided by functions, such as
and used by calling the function with its
argument(s) enclosed in matching parentheses. A list of basic
functions and their MATLAB equivalents is attached to the end of the
project in the Reference Section.
Extra functionality is provided by functions, such as
sin
,cos
, or sqrt
. A function is referred to by its nameand used by calling the function with its
argument(s) enclosed in matching parentheses. A list of basic
functions and their MATLAB equivalents is attached to the end of the
project in the Reference Section.
For instance, the value of ( sqrt{15} ) is given by
(The text after and including the number sign symbol is a comment and
will be ignored if typed in.) Craftsman yt4500 garden tractor user manual.
will be ignored if typed in.) Craftsman yt4500 garden tractor user manual.
Just typing the function name, without the parentheses, will show its
definition.
definition.
Here are a few more examples of function evaluations. Note that to
get ( pi = 3.1415 dots ), you type
get ( pi = 3.1415 dots ), you type
pi
; to get the number ( e =e^1 = 2.7182 dots ), you type exp(1)
.When trying these examples, if you get an error message, check that
you have spelled the function name correctly. For example, if you
type
the error message
you have spelled the function name correctly. For example, if you
type
sqt(3)
(you misspelled sqrt
), MATLAB responds withthe error message
Try evaluating the following using MATLAB:
Note: you will get better precision if you do not round off intermediate
computations. Try typing the following to see an example:
computations. Try typing the following to see an example:
×
Note
When trigonometric functions are evaluated in MATLAB, arguments must be specified in radian measure—not in degrees. Recall, to convert from degrees to radian you muliply by ( pi/180 ).Use MATLAB to evaluate the following expressions.
Calculate the sine of 40 degrees using MATLAB. MATLAB uses radians
for all angle measurements. You will need to convert degrees to
radians first.
for all angle measurements. You will need to convert degrees to
radians first.
Evaluate ( sin^2 65^circ )
Evaluate ( e^{(10 - 8.5)/3} )
Evaluate ( arcsin(sin(3pi/4)) )
Vectors
We will often want to apply a function to many different values of
( x ). We'd like to do this in the most convenient manner. For example,
to compute the function ( f(x) = x^2 cos^3(x) ) for ( x=pi/3,pi/4 ) and
( pi/6 ) we can save some work by assigning a value to ( x ) and then
computing:
( x ). We'd like to do this in the most convenient manner. For example,
to compute the function ( f(x) = x^2 cos^3(x) ) for ( x=pi/3,pi/4 ) and
( pi/6 ) we can save some work by assigning a value to ( x ) and then
computing:
This allows us to make a single change to ( x ) per line, instead of
changing it in both places.
changing it in both places.
Although the above technique is useful, there are better ways to do
this task, as the MATLAB language is written to naturally apply the
same function to many different values at once. In order to do so we
need to learn two things:
this task, as the MATLAB language is written to naturally apply the
same function to many different values at once. In order to do so we
need to learn two things:
- How to store more than one number into a variable (vectors)
- How to apply a function to all the values of the vector simultaneously.
We use the term vector to describe a MATLAB variable that contains
lots of numbers at once. Vectors are made in MATLAB using the square
brackets
general concept.)
lots of numbers at once. Vectors are made in MATLAB using the square
brackets
[]
. (MATLAB refers to vectors as arrays, a moregeneral concept.)
The simplest way to make a vector is to just type in the numbers you
want inside of matching
want inside of matching
[]
: ×
warning
Dont type the part with the % symbol. This is a comment to you.×
Note
The name we give to a vector allows us to refer to the entire collection of numbers later on without needing to type them in againOnline Graphing Calculator
Which of the following does not store the values 1,2,3 into a vector named
x
?Vectors are used by us, as they allow us to do the same operation for
many different values at once. This is similar to what happens when
you use the list mode of your TI calculator. Unfortunately, vectors
have a slightly different algebra than numbers (scalars) and learning
this is an important first step in working with MATLAB to do calculus
problems. Here we see that the usual operators may not work as
expected.
many different values at once. This is similar to what happens when
you use the list mode of your TI calculator. Unfortunately, vectors
have a slightly different algebra than numbers (scalars) and learning
this is an important first step in working with MATLAB to do calculus
problems. Here we see that the usual operators may not work as
expected.
Store the number ( 1,2,3 ) in a vector named
x
. Answer the following for this vector.What is
x+x
?What is the output of
x * x
?We will see more in the next project.
Many of the vectors of numbers we will deal with will arithmetic sequences:
[ a, a+h, a+ 2h, a+3h, dots, a+kh = b, quadquad h > 0. ]
We can think of an arithmetic sequence in two ways:
- Numbers between ( a ) and ( b ) separated by a step size of ( h )
- A certain number (( k+1 )) of numbers evenly spaced between ( a ) and ( b ).
There are two different ways in MATLAB to generate such sequences,
depending on how you think of the values in the sequence.
depending on how you think of the values in the sequence.
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numbers separated by a step size ( h )
To generate a sequence of numbers separated by 1 is done using the
:
symbol, as in a:b
:The last example showing that the minus sign here means multiply each
entry by ( -1 ).
entry by ( -1 ).
If we want a step size of ( h ) we use this syntax:
instance:
a:h:b
. Forinstance:
Which of these produces the odd numbers between 1 and 99: 1, 3, 5, …, 99
Which of these produces the numbers 10, 20, 30, …, 120
Graphing Calculator By Mathlab User Manual Pdf File
Which of these does not give the numbers 1,2,3,4,5
A fixed number of numbers
When plotting functions we will desire a lot (say 100 or a 1000) of
evenly-spaced numbers between two points. Rather than figure out the
step size between the points it is more convenient to specify how many
*lin*early *space*d points we want. This is done with the
function. Using it as
argument:
evenly-spaced numbers between two points. Rather than figure out the
step size between the points it is more convenient to specify how many
*lin*early *space*d points we want. This is done with the
linspace
function. Using it as
linspace(a,b)
will produce 100 numbers betweena
and b
. You can override the default of 100 using a thirdargument:
What
linspace
command produces this output: What is the last value output by the command
In MATLAB the basic object is a matrix (a rectangular collection of
numbers). As such, the default definitions for
little different. This means we will need to be careful when we
multiply, divide or take powers of vectors.
numbers). As such, the default definitions for
+
, -
, *
, /
, and{}
are the matrix definitions. What we will want is alittle different. This means we will need to be careful when we
multiply, divide or take powers of vectors.
This will be discussed more in the next project. For this project, we
focus on arithmetic operations which work as we would like: addition
of vectors of the same size, and multiplication of a vector times a
number (a scalar).
focus on arithmetic operations which work as we would like: addition
of vectors of the same size, and multiplication of a vector times a
number (a scalar).
Graphing Calculator By Mathlab User Manual Pdf Bruker
For example
This allows us to do simple transformations, such as the conversion
from Celsius to Fahrenheit, or back, given by these formulas:
from Celsius to Fahrenheit, or back, given by these formulas:
[ F = 9/5 C + 32 quadtext{ or }quad C = 5/9(F - 32) ]
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This is the basis of the last exercise.
Find room temperature in Celsius (F = ( 68^circ ))
Find the average body temperature in Celsius (F = ( 98.6^circ ))
Let ( X ) be a vector of Fahrenheit values between -100 and 100 in step
size of 20, and ( Y ) be the corresponding Celsius values. Which MATLAB
commands give this?
size of 20, and ( Y ) be the corresponding Celsius values. Which MATLAB
commands give this?
If two vectors are the same length, a table can be made from them that
allows you to compare their entries. The syntax is either
and ( Y ) values. At what temperature is the Celsius and Fahrenheit
measurement the same?
allows you to compare their entries. The syntax is either
[X;Y]
or [X;Y]'
. Look carefully at the table of ( X )and ( Y ) values. At what temperature is the Celsius and Fahrenheit
measurement the same?
Reference Section
MATLAB uses the following symbols for arithmetic operations:
Operation | Symbol | Precedence | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
Exponentiation | ^ | 3 | Highest precedence |
Multiplication | * | 2 | |
Division | / | 2 | |
Addition | + | 1 | |
Subtraction | - | 1 | Lowest precedence |
If an arithmetic expression contains nested parentheses, then the
expressions contained within the innermost parentheses are evaluated
first. In the absence of parentheses, the precedence rules
decide the order of evaluation. The following rules apply:
expressions contained within the innermost parentheses are evaluated
first. In the absence of parentheses, the precedence rules
decide the order of evaluation. The following rules apply:
- All operations with a higher precedence are carried out before
those of lower precedences. Thus exponentiation is carried out
first, then comes multiplication and division, and finally, addition
and subtraction. - If two operations have the same precedence then the operation on
the left is carried out first. This is called the left-to-right scan
rule. - When necessary, the user must provide the parentheses to achieve
the desired order of operations.
Graphing Calculator By Mathlab User Manual Pdf 2 8
Basic Functions
MATLAB notation | Mathematical notation | Meaning of the operation |
---|---|---|
sqrt(x) | ( sqrt x ) | square root |
abs(x) | ( |x| ) | absolute value |
sign(x) | sign of ( x ) (( +1 ), ( -1 ), or ( 0 )) | |
exp(x) | ( e^x ) | exponential function |
log(x) | ( ln x ) | natural logarithm |
log10(x) | ( log_{10}x ) | logarithm base 10 |
sin(x) | ( sin x ) | sine |
cos(x) | ( cos x ) | cosine |
tan(x) | ( tan x ) | tangent |
asin(x) | ( sin^{-1} x ) | inverse sine |
acos(x) | ( cos^{-1} x ) | inverse cosine |
atan(x) | ( tan^{-1} x ) | inverse tangent |
×